Performing schema changes often requires extended downtime for applications. This is due to MySQL needing to rebuild tables for common schema change operations. Tools like pt-online-schema-change have been written to try to overcome the downtime associated with schema changes, however they are complex and put a high load on the database.
Perform Complex Online Schema Changes on MySQL / MariaDB / Percona Server Leveraging Tungsten Clustering
Database Administration, Cluster Management, Zero Downtime Maintenance